Ref: Naked Bible 138: What Day was Jesus Born?
The solution requires you first understand the Three Rebellions: the Fall, the descent of the Watchers, and the elohim betrayal of their commission in the division of nations at Babel. We’ll come back to that.
Heiser worked with an actual astronomer on this to get the exact details nailed down on celestial events and timing (someone who chose to remain anonymous). Most of the material in this podcast shows up in his book, Reversing Hermon, and a little is also in his two fiction books, The Facade and The Portent.
One of the first things he does is debunk the common idea that Josephus knew what he was talking about when he said Herod died in 4 BC. An awful lot of research shows it was more like 1 BC. Granted, the three articles that give us the bulk of the original materials for this date are not publicly available on the Net, but the data is not a joke. Heiser admits it is not widely known.
Then he jumps to Romans 10:5-17. That’s all a setup for verse 18: “Have they not heard?” Logically you would expect Paul to say “no” and that’s why we have missions and evangelism. But Paul says they have heard the gospel, and quotes Psalm 19:4 — the Septuagint version: “Their voice has gone out to all the earth, and their words to the ends of the world.” It’s part of that passage that declares the Heavens have been a consistent witness to the revelation of God. Not in a literal voice of words, but it’s inherent in the glory of Creation.
More to the point, it was the celestial bodies in the sky that declared the coming of the Messiah. Certainly not in sufficient detail to tell how to be saved, as Paul outlines there in Romans 10; that’s why Jesus had Apostles to share His teaching. Nor do the Apostles talk about the message in the heavens. It wasn’t that specific. Indeed, in Luke 24 the resurrected Lord stands right there among them and they still didn’t get why He had to die on the Cross.
Rather, the message of the stars was simply that the Messiah was coming, and when He did, the stars told observers that He was born. Note: the statement in Matthew 2 uses a generic term of any celestial body, not just stars. It could have been almost anything that typically shows up in the sky. Heiser suggests it was Jupiter in retrograde motion. The Magi were peculiar in having had generations of study tracking the stars, planets, etc. They knew the math and had a broader context for reading the meaning of such things.
However, the clue is mentioned elsewhere in the NT: Revelation 12:1-6. This is one of those portions of Revelation that does not refer back to the OT, but it appears John spoke to some experts like some Magi or someone who knew the details of what they told Herod and others in Palestine. He included it because it coincides with Jewish Messianic calendar expectations. Further, the date is quite plausible in the wider context of the NT; it matches all the variables.
In John’s passage there he looks up in the night sky, describing what he saw. The woman is the faithful among the nation of Israel (OT “virgin daughter of Zion”), not just Mary alone. Her child is the Messiah who ascends to Heaven (after the resurrection and the 40 days). The woman flees to the wilderness to a place God has prepared, a covenant home for those of true faith.
Most readers would not likely have known much about Mary at that time, but they would recognize the imagery of faithful Israel in things like the dozen stars around her head as Virgin Zion. Gentiles would probably recognize it as Virgo, with a literal twelve stars around her head in the constellation. John is co-opting that pagan image and echoes the astrological jargon of his time as borrowed from the Magi and their astrology. Second Temple Jewish literature would have brought in mention of Joseph and his dreams, along with other references to Abraham and Sarah.
But returning to John’s hijacking the zodiacal signs, for Virgo to have the moon at her feet refers to the passage of the sun and moon through her constellation at the proper season. That’s where the Masoretic text gets the reference to “their line” in Psalm 19, a reference to the alignment of the sun/moon which puts Virgo “in the ecliptic”. The sun was positioned in the constellation as if it were Virgo’s clothing. It’s a 20 degree arc of the sky bracketing when Jesus would have been born.
How likely would the Magi have known the OT? It’s hard to imagine that they wouldn’t, as they collected that sort of religious literature from all sources. Jews were scattered all over the Mesopotamian Valley in which the Magi traveled and worked. The Magi already believed in the coming of three Messiahs (Zoroastrianism), so comparing notes with Jews about their Messiah would be a natural point of convergence. See Isaiah 7:14; they would have known about the Messianic prophecy of a virgin giving birth to a Davidic King. Pagan literature referred to Virgo giving birth to divine kings.
Keep in mind: The astronomical math of how the moon acts while the sun is in the constellation of Virgo, we have a period of about an hour and a half for Jesus to be born to satisfy the signs John describes. See Psalm 2:7-9; John’s image is undoubtedly Jesus. John makes it obvious that it only appears that Satan has won the day. In the end, he is defeated by the ascension. There’s no doubt that the sea monster is Satan, the monster of chaos, and sometimes refers to the nations as those who reside under his authority and become agents of his chaos against the people of God.
We cannot rest on Revelation 12 alone. The NT points to other celestial indicators that we must include in our reckoning here. What would the Magi have seen from their homeland? The constellation Leo is directly above Virgo’s head, known as the ancient symbol of Judah (Genesis 49:9-10; Revelations 5:5). It was an important constellation for Jews, obviously. In that constellation is Regulus, known in the ANE as “the King Star”. Just so, as the largest and brightest of the moving stars, Jupiter was the King Planet. It could track into conjunction with Regulus to signal a strong omen.
When you take all the details into account, you come up with only one possible date even close to the time of Jesus: 11 September 3 BC. Heiser goes on to detail how the motion of Jupiter from the viewpoint of Magi would be heading toward Judah. When they get there, Jupiter appears to stop visually because of the complex motion of planets in the Solar System. It then begins to travel backward (retrograde) for a while and rejoins Regulus sometimes. That it halted signaled to the Magi they had arrived in the general location.
Heiser goes on to note that this date was also the Day of Trumpets (Tishri 1) and connects to Noah’s Flood.
John mentioned the Ark of Covenant in Revelation 11 right before his description of the birth in chapter 12, so his imagery of the birth of Christ is a way of declaring that the Divine Presence of the Ark has returned in the form of God’s Son. Jesus was born on the Day of Trumpets, 3 BC, which had become the Jewish New Year by that time. Many kings in the history of Israel regarded that as their coronation day, too. Jewish tradition also regarded it as the day of Creation, and the celebration of Trumpets was partly the renewal of that.
Heiser also tracks it to the sin of the Watchers and the Flood. Keep in mind that the Day of Trumpets (in the fall) was the start of the agricultural calendar, the time of harvest, going back before the Exodus from Egypt. The official ritual calendar in Exodus begins the ritual year with Passover (in the spring). Both calendars were in use at the same time. By placing Adam and Eve in the lush Garden with all the food, it was traditional to think of the Day of Creation as being in the fall harvest. Life begins anew on Trumpets.
Jewish tradition tracked the Day of Trumpets as Noah’s birthday, as well. Noah’s Flood wiped out the Nephilim (at least for a while). This associates Jesus with the redemption that the Flood brought, wiping away the nasty influence that corrupted humanity.
Heiser goes on to associate other obscure Jewish lore with the deep importance of the day and purpose of Jesus’ birth. He was the One who would reverse all the awful things that happened in the Three Rebellions. Paul’s point in Romans 10 was that the people should know; maybe in some unconscious way they do know, since the message has been around since the Fall. Still, we share the gospel and make it all conscious for the Elect.