We’ve been discussing the Hebrew concept of sin. In particular, we are trying to separate ourselves from the iron grip of western judicial reasoning so that our study of the Bible in general, and the New Testament in particular, is free to discover a path out of false guilt and shame. Guilt and shame are part of a complex of fleshly mental bondage that makes life on this earth hopeless. It holds us back from ever daring to walk away from the Devil.
It’s not enough to simply think like a Hebrew, because that was clearly not the ultimate answer. Rather, the Hebrew outlook is a foundation for what Jesus revealed as the end product of several millennia of progressive revelation that started with expulsion from the Garden.
Some of this is based on Heiser’s work (see this video in particular) for the obvious reason that he delves into things with a depth few can match. On the other hand, it’s also clear that he simply did not cover everything. He knew only what He had studied and contemplated, admitting openly that it was a task never finished.
In the linked video above, Heiser approaches the subject of OT ritual law and what gives it coherence. At first blush, the distinction between ritual purity and moral purity are two different things. Honestly, western minds tend to choke on that. If not the distinction itself, most western minds cannot understand how God sorted out human behavior between those two categories.
Heiser explains that ritual purity stands on the necessity of Hebrew people living together as a community. A critical part of recognizing ritual impurity is how it excludes you from some measure of communal living. On the one hand, we can recognize intellectually how important this is, but our entire civilization has a very poor grasp of how to embrace the Hebrew frame of reference. We have a huge body of social science literature studying communal living, but we have no instinct for it. We cannot make ourselves fit into that atmosphere.
We have a love-hate relationship with the kind of family communal living that was common in the Ancient Near East. Western society suffers a pendulum swing, in that on a fairly regular basis, succeeding generations will experience a pendulum swing between individualism versus communalism. Thus, individualistic grandparents groan as their grandchildren gravitate to socialism. Then when those socialists become grandparents, they groan as their grandchildren embrace individualism. It has been like this for at least a couple of centuries.
This pendulum swing is because Western Civilization is founded on materialism, whereas the Hebrew culture was based on an otherworldly focus. For Americans in particular mysticism is not merely alien, but morally irresponsible. Even when we succeed in defining the difference between the two, we know that westerners really struggle to embrace mysticism.
This is why even the best of biblical scholarship struggles with certain questions, never coming to a definitive answer — the scholars remain western people. Thus, the bulk of the linked video is taken up with parsing out the concept of ritual purity versus impurity. While scholars can easily read the prescriptions in Moses, they cannot come to a consensus on underlying principles that explain some of the details that western minds find so peculiar.
It’s hard enough to get western believers to correct their concept of “sin”, which we have looked at in previous weeks. The Hebrew concepts of “sin” and “sin offering” are inexplicable in light of western criminal justice. The scholarship is pretty consistent on that. Heiser mentions that in passing, but the underlying concept of what defines ritual impurity is widely disputed. So, Heiser runs down a list of 5 different ideas that have been proposed, but none of them answers all the questions.
Right at the end, Heiser mentions how intellectual literalism, the focus on nuts and bolts, is a major problem in understanding the OT. He then mentions something that most people miss entirely. In His first synagogue message, Jesus reads a passage that we tend to parse based on what we know about the context. It’s in Luke 4:16-30. Here’s the context: Jesus entered the synagogue on a Jubilee year, and the Scripture He read was a Jubilee passage chosen for that specific reason.
It is Heiser who elsewhere warns us that Jesus left out a line in the passage that Jews used to justify hating Gentiles. Instead, Jesus makes it clear that Gentiles would be included in God’s final Jubilee. Nazareth was perched in the hills of an area that had suffered greatly from Gentile incursions over the centuries. Jesus subtly dismissed that old anger. This was why the whole congregation tried to throw Him off the bluff just to the south of the town there.
The Gentile Luke is the only Gospel author to mention this incident. How many people can follow the complicated convergence of associations Jesus makes here? It’s not just one meaning, but multiple issues are addressed all at once. You have to wonder how much Luke knew, because it appears the only reason he mentions it is to note that Gentiles were included in the Messiah’s mission.
Of course, this in itself reminds us that it’s not enough to grasp the Hebrew understanding of these things, since Jesus had to declare all the things God had left unclear because of the necessity of keeping His divine opposition out of the loop on His ultimate plans (1 Corinthians 2:8). Thus, it simply was not obvious to the Hebrew people either, including the rabbincal scholars. The Hebrew traditions were an incomplete answer finished in Christ. We have a duty to go beyond the Hebrew mysticism, to embrace a much deeper understanding that is revealed only in the New Testament.
Still, without the Hebrew outlook on things like sin and righteousness, we cannot possibly get what the New Testament is all about. If the New Testament is the final answer to how we approach our Creator, it was built on the foundation of Hebrew religion.
